TLC Decreased

Leukopenia in

Some bacterial infections (e.g. typhoid), 
viral or protozoal infection, 
bone marrow depression and 
starvation and 
physiological at night. 

TLC Increased

Leukocytosis in

Any acute/ chronic pyogenic or pyogenic (fever producing) infection, 

leukemias, 

physiological in newborns, 

after exercise, 

in evenings, 

epinephrine injection, 

stress, 

pregnancy, 

menstruation, 

lactation, 

administration of steroids. 

Total leukocyte Count (TLC) Normal Range

Total leukocyte Count (TLC)

Normal Range (leucocytes/cumm)
Adults	New born	1-23 months
4000 – 10,500	9100 – 34,000	6000 – 14,000

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

Introduction

      MCHC is calculated as Hb divided by Hct.

      

      Normal Range

      32-38 %

      Indications

For laboratory quality control, chiefly because changes occur very late in the course of iron deficiency when anemia is severe and for instrument calibration.

Increased in

Hereditary spherocytosis (MCHC is > 36 gm/dL), infants and newborns, other causes due to automated cell counters are hemolysis, cold agglutinins, lipemia, rouleaux or RBC agglutinates.

Decreased in

Hypochromic anemia (Low MCHC may not occur in iron deficiency anemia when measured with automated instruments), marked leukocytosis (automated cell counter).

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

Introduction

MCH is calculated as Hb divided by total RBC count.

Normal range

            Adults – 27-31Pg
            New born – 33- 39Pg

Indications

Limited value in differential diagnosis of anemias; Used for instrument calibration.

Increased in

Macrocytic anemia, infants and newborns, marked leukocytosis( > 50,000/cu.mm),cold agglutinins, in vivo hemolysis, monoclonal proteins in blood, high heparin concentration, lipemia.

Decreased in

Microcytic and normocytic anemias.

Causes of lymphocytosis (> 4000/cumm in adults, > 7200/cumm adolescents, > 9000/cumm in children and infants)

Causes of lymphocytosis (> 4000/cumm in adults, > 7200/cumm adolescents, > 9000/cumm in children and infants)

Infection (Pertusis, infectious, lymphocytosis, infectious hepatitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, mumps, rubella, varicella, toxoplasmosis, chronic tuberculosis), 

Others like thyrotoxicosis, 

Addison's disease,

neutropenia with relative lymphocytosis, 

lymphatic leukemia, 

Crohn's disease, 

ulcerative colitis and 

infancy (normal count 40- 60 %) called relative lymphocytosis.

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

Introduction

MCV is calculated as hematocrit (Hct) divided by RBC count with manual methods measured directly by automated instruments.

 

Normal range

Adults – 78-100Fl

Neonates- 102-115Fl.

Indications

Classification and differential diagnosis of anemia; useful screening test for occult alcoholism

Increased in (MCV > 95fL, Often > 110Fl)

All macrocytic anemias (megaloblastic anemias, Vit. B12’ folate deficiency, sprue, macrocytic anemia of pregnancy, megaloblastic anemia due to alcoholism, liver disease and hypothyroidism), infants and newborns.

 

Decrease in (MCV < 80FL)

Microcytic anemias

Usually hypo chromic (e.g. iron deficiency, pyridoxine – responsive thalassemia,   lead poisoning), chronic disease, abnormal HbC and HbE.

Total Erythrocyte Count (RBC Count)

Total Erythrocyte Count (RBC Count)

Normal range (x 106cumm)
Adult Males	Adult Females	Newborn
4.7- 6.0	4.2 –5.4	4.1-6.7

Hemoglobin Decreased in

All pathological causes of anemia; 

physiological in infants after 3 months of life (as infant is totally on milk feed, devoid of iron).

Hemoglobin Increased In

Hemoglobin Increased in

Chronic hypoxia of bone marrow due to exercise or any cardio respiratory disorder; 

polycythemia vera; 

physiological (normal) in newborn;

adults at high altitude.

Hemoglobin (Hb) Nomal Values

   Hemoglobin (Hb)

Normal range (g/dl)
Males	Females	Newborn	3Months	1Years
13.5-18	12.5-16	15-24	10.5	12.5

Complete Blood Count CBC

Tests included in CBC, Complete Blood Count

Hb,
TLC,
DLC,
RBC count
ESR
MCV
MCHC
MCH
Platelet Count
PCV
Peripheral Smear