Causes of eosinophilia (> 250/cu.mm. diurnal variation with highest levels in morning)
Allergic diseases (bronchial asthma, hay fever, urticaria, allergic rhinitis);
Parasitic infestations, mycoses, scarlet lever, erythema multiforme systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, skin diseases (e.g.pemphigus).Causes of monocytosis ( > 10% of differential absolute count > 500/cu.mm.)
Monocytic leukemia, other myeloproliferative disorders, lymphomas, lipid storage diseases, post splenectomy, protozoal and some rickettsial infections, SBE, tuberculosis, brucellosis sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE).Causes of basopenia
Hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, irradiation, chemotherapy, glucocorticoid administration, acute phase of infection.
Basophilia (50/cumm or > 1%)
May be first sign of blast crisis or accelerated phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML).
Persistent basophilia may indicate unsuspected myeloproliferative disease.
Causes
Chronic myelogenous leukemia, basophilic leukemia, polycythemia, myeloid metaplasia, Hodgkin's disease, chronic sinusitis and hemolytic anemia.
Causes of lymphocytopenia (< 1500 in adults, < 3000 in children)
Increased destruction (chemotherapy or radiation treatment, corticosteroids),Causes of lymphocytosis (> 4000/cumm in adults, > 7200/cumm adolescents, > 9000/cumm in children and infants)
Infection (Pertusis, infectious, lymphocytosis, infectious hepatitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, mumps, rubella, varicella, toxoplasmosis, chronic tuberculosis),
Others like
thyrotoxicosis,
Addison's disease,
neutropenia with relative lymphocytosis,
lymphatic leukemia,
Crohn's disease,
ulcerative colitis and
infancy (normal count 40- 60 %) called relative lymphocytosis.
Causes of Neutropenia (Absolute count < 8000/ cu.mm.)
· Infections: bacterial (e.g. overwhelming infection, septicemia, typhoid, paratyphoid) viral infections (infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis, influenza, measles, rubella), rickettsia, others (malaria, kala- azar).
· Infants (normal count 40%).
· Hodgkin's disease, chronic sinusitis, hemolytic anemia and lonizing radiation
· Drugs & chemical (antibiotics, analgesics, antithyroids, arsenicals and ionizing radiation
· Hematopoietic diseases (aleukemic leukemia, aplastic anemia) and splenic sequestration.
· Autoimmune and isoimmune neotropenias.
· Immune defects like infertile genetic agranulocytosis.
Causes of Neutrophilia (Absolute count > 8000/ cu.mm.)
· Acute infections:
· Localized (e.g. Pneumonia, meningitis, tonsillitis).
· Generalized (e.g. acute rheumatic fever, septicemia, cholera).
· Inflammation (e.g. vasculitis).
· Intoxications: metabolic (e.g. acidosis, uremia, acute gout); Poisonings (e.g. mercury, epinephrine, black widow spider bite).
· Acute hemorrhage or hemolysis of red blood cells.
· Tissue necrosis (e.g. acute myocardial infarction [AMI], burns, gangrene).
· Physiological (e.g. exercise, Stress, obstetric labor, menstrution).
Normal Range | |||
Granulocytes | Percentage | Agranulocytes | Percentage |
Neutrophils | 54-62 % | Lymphocytes | 20- 40 % |
Eosinophils | 1-4 % | Monocytes | 3-7 % |
Basophils | < 1 % | ||
